First Law of Thermodynamics – Equations, Limitations and Examples
Before we get into the first law of thermodynamics, we need to understand the relation between heat and work and ...
Read moreFirst Law of Thermodynamics-Solved Examples, Limitations, FAQs, Class 11 Chemistry Notes Study Material
First Law of Thermodynamics adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: Heat, ...
Read moreWhat is Internal Energy? – Definition, Formula, Equation & Examples with FAQs
What is Internal Energy? An energy form inherent in every system is the internal energy, which arises from the molecular ...
Read moreSecond Law Of Thermodynamics Equation, Kelvin & Plank Statement
Second Law of Thermodynamics defines that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher ...
Read moreEnthalpy-Definition, Endothermic Exothermic Reactions-Thermodynamics Chemistry Class 11 Notes Study Material
What is Enthalpy? Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the ...
Read moreHeat Capacity-Definition & Equation with FAQs-Thermodynamics Class 11 Notes
What is Heat Capacity? The heat capacity of a substance can be defined as the amount of heat required to ...
Read moreSpecific Heat Capacity & Water-Units, Formula, Detailed Explanation with Examples
Heat is a form of energy, often called thermal energy. Energy can be transformed from one form to another (a ...
Read moreMeasurement Of Enthalpy-Comparison Enthalpy & Internal, Principle of Calorimeter
Generally, the measurement of enthalpy and internal energy is done by an experimental technique known as calorimetry. Calorimetry techniques are ...
Read moreHess’s Law -Constant Heat Summation-Definition, Equation, Formula & Applications
What is Hess’s Law? Hess’s law is one of the important outcomes of the first law of thermodynamics. The enthalpy ...
Read moreBond Dissociation Enthalpy-Definition, Detailed Explanation With Examples
Bond Dissociation Enthalpy Bond dissociation enthalpy can be defined as the standard change in enthalpy when a bond is cleaved ...
Read moreStandard Enthalpy of Formation & Combustion-Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
As we know all reactions result in the formation of products from the reactants. Of all the reactions that take ...
Read moreSublimation-Phase Transition, Definition & Examples with FAQs
What is Sublimation? The term sublimation is the passage or the transformation or conversion that substances undergo when passing from ...
Read moreSecond Law Of Thermodynamics-Formula, Definition, Statements, Equations & FAQs
The second law of thermodynamics puts restrictions upon the direction of heat transfer and achievable efficiencies of heat engines. The ...
Read moreWhat are Thermodynamic Cycles? Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel
Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used ...
Read moreThermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system ...
Read moreEnthalpy: Definition, Formula and Reactions-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the ...
Read moreState Functions in Thermodynamics – Definition, Types and Examples
State Functions are the functions that are independent of the path of the function i.e. they are concerned about the ...
Read moreInternal Energy as a State of System-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
The various forms of energy are interconnected, and they can be converted from one form to another under certain conditions. ...
Read moreEnthalpy Change of a Reaction-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
The study of thermodynamics is the study of systems that are too large to be extrapolated by mechanics alone. For ...
Read moreEnthalpy of formation, Combustion, Solution, Neutralisation, Hydration, Fusion, Vapourisation, Sublimation, Transition, Bond Enthalpy
Thermodynamics is a field of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships ...
Read moreEntropy-Meaning, Definition, Formula, Thermodynamic Relation
Entropy can be defined in several ways and thus can be applied in various stages or instances, such as in ...
Read moreState Functions in Thermodynamics – Definition, Examples, Types
What Is State Function in Thermodynamics? A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific ...
Read moreGibbs Energy Change – Standard Gibbs Free Energy, Equation, Example
In order to account for the change in both entropy and enthalpy, J.Willard Gibbs defined a new function, which we ...
Read moreSpontaneity in Thermodynamics – Spontaneous reaction & Gibbs Equation
According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, the total energy of an isolated system always remains constant. The first law ...
Read moreThird Law of Thermodynamics – Entropy at Absolute Zero
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics? The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal ...
Read moreWhat is Spontaneity?-Definition, Types, Gibbs Energy for Spontaneous Process
What Is Spontaneity? The phrase spontaneity refers to a process’s viability. A spontaneous process is one that can occur on ...
Read moreGibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium-Effect of Temperature on spontaneity of a Process
Energy can take many forms, including kinetic energy produced by an object’s movement, potential energy produced by an object’s position, ...
Read moreDefine Equilibrium-Equilibrium in Physical Processes, Types, Characteristics of Equilibrium In Physical Processes
What is the meaning of Equilibrium? An equilibrium represents a state in a process when the observable properties such as ...
Read moreEquilibrium in Chemical Processes-Dynamic Nature of Chemical Processes in Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is the state of a system in which the reactant and product concentrations do not change over time ...
Read moreLaw of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant-Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium Constant
During a chemical process, chemical equilibrium refers to the state in which the concentrations of both reactants and products have ...
Read moreDifference between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria-Class 11 Chemistry Notes
In our daily lives, we witness several reactions such as iron rusting, paper burning, curd sourness, ozone generation, and so ...
Read moreCharacteristics of Equilibrium Constant, Equilibrium Constant and Gibbs Free Energy
When a chemical process reaches equilibrium, the equilibrium constant (usually represented by the symbol K) provides information on the relationship ...
Read moreWhat is the Relation between Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Energy?
A scientist was observing a reaction and at a certain point and found the concentration of reactant is equal to ...
Read moreLe-Chatelier’s Principle-Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
When the concentrations of reactants and products do not change over time, they are said to be in a state ...
Read moreEnergy Change Due To Equilibrium |Physical & Chemical Equilibrium
What is Equilibrium ? Everything in the universe tries to achieve minimum energy criteria (less energy- substance is more stable) ...
Read moreDynamic Equilibrium – Definition, Examples, Static vs Dynamic Equilibrium
What Is Dynamic Equilibrium? Dynamic Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a given system in which the reversible ...
Read moreLaw of Mass Action – Definition, Formula, Application, Relation Between Kc, Kp
What is the Law of Mass Action? The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is ...
Read moreEquilibrium Constant (Kc, Kp) Relation -Definition, Units, Applications, Formula, Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Free Energy
What Is the Equilibrium Constant? The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction (usually denoted by the symbol K) provides insight ...
Read moreLe Chatelier’s Principles – Effect of Change of Volume, Pressure, Temperature or Inert Gas on Equilibrium and Product Formation
What Are Le Chatelier’s Principles? Le Chatelier’s principles, also known as the equilibrium law, are used to predict the effect ...
Read moreIonic Equilibrium-Ostwald’s Dilution Law: Degree of Dissociation
Reactants and products coexist in equilibrium, therefore reactant conversion to product is never greater than 100%. Equilibrium reactions may entail ...
Read moreAcids, Bases, and Salts – Definition, Types, Properties, and Uses
Acids, Bases, and Salts Acids, Bases, and Salts are the main chemical compounds that exist in our surroundings. Acids, Bases, ...
Read moreIonization of Acids and Bases-Arrhenius Acid Base Theory
Ionization of a compound in Chemistry is the process by which neutral molecules are divided into charged ions in a ...
Read moreAcid Base Buffer Solution-Definition, Types, Formula, Examples, and FAQs
Buffer Solution is a special aqueous solution that resists the change in its pH when some quantity of acid and ...
Read moreSolubility Equilibria-Solubility Product Constant-Class 11 Ionic Equilibrium Notes
The word “solubility product” refers to inexpensively soluble salts. It is the greatest product of the molar concentration of the ...
Read moreIonic Equilibrium – Ostwald Dilution Law, Degree of Dissociation, Ionization
In ionic equilibrium, the ionic substance dissociates into its ions in polar solvents. The ions formed are always in equilibrium ...
Read moreIonization of Acid And Bases – Arrhenius Concept of Acid And Base Ionisation, Ionisation Constant, Examples And FAQS
What is Ionization? Ionization of a compound refers to a process in which a neutral molecule splits into charged ions ...
Read moreElectrolyte – Definition, List of Electrolytes and Examples with FAQs
What are Electrolytes? An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates in water into charged particles called ions. Positively charged ions ...
Read moreDi and Polybasic Acids and Bases – Definition, Ionisation, Basicity, Acidity
What are Polybasic Acids? Acids capable of yielding more than one hydronium ion per molecule are called polybasic acids, the ...
Read moreAcid Strength-Factors Affecting Acid Strength, Order, Chart, Trends
You are already aware of the term acids. You have learned about the physical and chemical properties of acids. Some ...
Read morepH of Acids & Bases-Definition, pH Value, pH Scale, Temperature Effect on pH of Pure Water, pH Chemistry
What is pH? pH Definition pH is defined as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. Hence the meaning of ...
Read moreSalt Hydrolysis, Salts of strong acid and strong base, Salts of weak acid and strong base, Salts of strong acid and weak base
Introduction Salt is a compound formed by the neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base. They generally ionise in ...
Read moreBuffer Solution – Acidic and Basic Buffers, Preparations, Buffer Action, Handerson Hasselbalch Equation, Buffer Capacity, Uses
A buffer solution is a water solvent-based solution which consists of a mixture containing a weak acid and the conjugate ...
Read moreHenderson-Hasselbalch Equation – Estimating the pH of Buffers in Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation provides a relationship between the pH of acids (in aqueous solutions) and ...
Read moreSolubility Product Constant (Ksp)-Definition, Formula, Significance, FAQs
What is the Solubility Product, Ksp? The solubility product constant is the equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a solid ...
Read moreCommon Ion Effect and pH-Class 11 Chemistry Equilibrium Notes Study Material
The common ion effect is an effect that suppresses the ionization of an electrolyte when another electrolyte (which contains an ...
Read moreRedox Reactions – Definition, Examples, Types & Balancing | Anand Classes Notes by Neeraj Anand
Redox reactions, short for reduction-oxidation reactions, are a fundamental concept in chemistry that involve the transfer of electrons between two ...
Read moreRedox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
A variety of chemical and biological reactions like burning of different types of fuels (wood, kerosene, coal, LPG, petrol, diesel), ...
Read moreOxidation Number | Definition, How To Find, Rules, Solved Examples
Redox reactions, short for reduction-oxidation reactions, are a fundamental concept in chemistry that involve the transfer of electrons between two ...
Read moreRedox Reactions and Standard Electrode Potential – Notes, Study Material, and Factors Affecting Electrode Potential
Understanding redox reactions and the concept of standard electrode potential is essential for mastering electrochemistry, a key topic in Class ...
Read moreBalancing Oxidation and Reduction Reactions – Definition, Differences, Solved Examples, FAQs
Balancing oxidation and reduction reactions is a critical skill in mastering redox chemistry, especially for students of Class 11 Chemistry ...
Read moreRedox Reactions-Balancing, Examples, Types, Applications
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ ...
Read moreOxidation Number and Oxidation State – Definition, Calculation, Examples & Solved Problems | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Understanding the concepts of oxidation number and oxidation state is fundamental to mastering redox reactions in Class 11 Chemistry. These ...
Read moreRedox Reactions Class 11 – Practice Questions with Answers & Explanations | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Mastering Redox Reactions is crucial for success in Class 11 Chemistry, as well as in competitive exams like JEE, NEET, ...
Read moreOrganic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques-Class 11 Chemistry Notes Study Material
Organic Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of the structure, properties, composition, and reaction of ...
Read moreWhat is Catenation and Tetravalency? Organic Chemistry Class 11 Notes Study Material
Carbon is a non-metallic element. Carbon is found in very small amounts in the earth’s crust and atmosphere. Even though ...
Read moreStructural Representation of Organic Compounds: Types & Formula
Organic compounds are the most widely used compounds in chemistry as well as in everyday life. Any organic compound has ...
Read moreClassification of Organic Compounds with Structure and Examples
Organic compounds are defined as chemical compounds which contain carbon atoms linked with other elements through simple covalent bonds. These ...
Read moreIUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: Rules and Examples
Organic Compounds are those which have Carbon-Hydrogen or Carbon-Carbon bonds. Chemistry is studied under three branches Organic, Inorganic, and Physical ...
Read moreIsomerism – Definition, Types, Structure, Examples, and FAQs
Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements or ...
Read moreOrganic Reaction Mechanism-Free Radicals, Electromeric Effect, Inductive effect, Hyperconjugation Effect, Resonance Effect
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds except for oxides of carbon and metal carbonates. Carbon has the uncommon ...
Read morePurification of Organic Compounds-Sublimation, Crystallization, Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Vacuum Distillation, Steam Distillation, Differential Extraction, Chromatography
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules’ structure, characteristics, content, reactions, and production. The majority of organic compounds contain ...
Read moreWhat is Quantitative Analysis?-Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen (Liebig’s method), Nitrogen (Dumas Method and Kjeldahl’s method), Sulphur, Halogens, Oxygen, Phosphorus
Quantitative analysis is one of the important processes in chemistry. It is used to determine mass percent i.e. to determine ...
Read moreQualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds-Detection of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogens, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Oxygen
Organic chemistry is a branch of science that studies the structure, properties, and interactions of organic compounds having covalent carbon ...
Read moreOrganic Chemistry – Reagents, Field Effects, Stability, Bond Cleavage
What Is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry that involves the scientific study of organic compounds (compounds that ...
Read moreIUPAC Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds – Definition, Methods, Types, Examples with FAQs
What is IUPAC Nomenclature? IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds refers to the systematic approach taken for the nomenclature of organic ...
Read moreInductive Effect – Types of Inductive Effect, Applications, Stability
The inductive effect refers to the phenomenon wherein a permanent dipole arises in a given molecule due to the unequal ...
Read moreElectromeric Effect – Definition, Detailed Explanation and Examples
Electromeric Effect can be observed only in organic compounds which contain multiple bonds. It is a temporary effect that arises ...
Read moreResonance Effect or Mesomeric Effect with Types and Structure
Introduction This topic explains the Resonance effect or Mesomeric effect and its types. In organic chemistry, the behaviour of electrons ...
Read moreHyperconjugation | Electromeric Effect | Chemistry Class 11 Organic Notes Study Material
Electron displacement in an organic molecule may take place due to the presence of an appropriate attacking reagent. This kind ...
Read moreHomolytic & Heterolytic Fission of Covalent Bonds – Detailed Explanation
Most chemical reactions involve the breakage of existing chemical bonds and the formation of new ones. However, chemical bonds can ...
Read moreWhat are Free Radicals? – Definition, Examples, Types, Mechanism & Uses
What are Free Radicals? A free radical is termed as a molecular species which can contain an unpaired electron in ...
Read moreCarbocation – Definition, Types, Formation, Order and Stability
A carbocation is a molecule in which a carbon atom has a positive charge and three bonds. We can say ...
Read moreCarbanions – Definition, Occurrence, Carbon Acids, Properties
What is a Carbanion? A carbanion can be defined as a negatively charged ion in which a carbon atom exhibits ...
Read moreElectrophiles and Nucleophiles – Definition, Types, Examples, Differences
Before we delve into learning about electrophiles and nucleophiles, let us quickly recall what an attacking reagent is. The species ...
Read moreVarious Types Of Organic Reactions | Polar And Radical Reaction
Organic reactions are the chemical reactions that are undergone by organic compounds (the chemical compounds containing carbon). A few important ...
Read moreHydrocarbons – Types, Classification, Properties, Preparation & Uses | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Hydrocarbons form the fundamental backbone of organic chemistry and are essential for understanding more complex chemical compounds. Composed solely of ...
Read moreSaturated & Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons | Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are the simplest and most fundamental class of organic compounds composed of straight or branched chains of carbon ...
Read moreAlkanes – Formula, Definition, Structure, Properties, List of Alkanes, Examples & FAQs | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Alkanes are the simplest class of hydrocarbons, consisting entirely of single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms. Known as saturated ...
Read moreNomenclature of Saturated Hydrocarbons – IUPAC Rules & Examples | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Understanding the nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons is essential for mastering organic chemistry, especially in Class 11 and competitive exams like ...
Read moreIsomerism – Definition, Detailed Explanation, Types, Examples of Isomerism
What is Isomerism? Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same chemical formula but different ...
Read moreConformations of Ethane and Butane – Conformational Isomerism | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Conformational isomerism is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry that explains how molecules can adopt different spatial arrangements by rotation ...
Read morePhysical & Chemical Properties of Alkanes with Examples | By Neeraj Anand | Anand Classes
🧪 Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanes with Examples – Class 11 By Neeraj Anand | Anand Classes Alkanes, the ...
Read morePyrolysis of Alkanes Free Radical Mechanism Detailed Explanation
🔥 Pyrolysis of Alkanes – Free Radical Mechanism (Class 11) By Neeraj Anand | Anand Classes Pyrolysis, also known as ...
Read moreAlkene – Formula, Definition, Classification, Properties, Uses, Examples, FAQs
What are Alkenes? The common family of hydrocarbons found in crude oil is alkenes. In this family there is at ...
Read moreNomenclature of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes – IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
What is IUPAC Nomenclature? A single chemical compound can have several acceptable systematic names and the systematic method of naming ...
Read moreHybridization of C2H4 (Ethene): Hybridization of Carbon in C2H4
To know about the hybridization of C2H4 (ethene or ethylene) students have to recognize or understand the number of bond ...
Read morePhysical Properties of Alkenes – Melting & Boiling Point, Polarity, Solubility
Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond which changes the physical properties of alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated carbon compounds which have a ...
Read moreMethods of Preparation of Alkenes in the Laboratory | Mechanism
Methods of Preparation of Alkenes Alkenes belong to the family of hydrocarbons. They contain at least one double bond between ...
Read moreChemical Properties of Alkenes | Addition of Dihydrogen & Halogen
What are Alkenes Alkenes consist of a large number of loosely held pi bonds. Due to the presence of such ...
Read moreMarkovnikov’s Rule: Statement and Explanation with Examples & FAQs
Markovnikov’s Rule, also known as Markownikoff’s rule, can be used to describe the outcome of some chemical addition reactions. The ...
Read more